MIC 205A Dr. Jan Decker
EXAM 3
November 6, 2006

Part 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE: Pick the one BEST answer and darken the corresponding letter on the scantron. Each answer is worth 3 points, for a Part 1 total of 90 points.

• Cholera is a ________________ disease.
• a. chronic
• b. latent
• c. non-contagious
• d. pandemic

•  B cells that bind influenza virus
• a. are activated to become cytotoxic B cells that kill influenza viruses in infected host cells.
• b. are activated to secrete antibodies that kill flu viruses by activating perforins and granzymes.
• c. are produced by the bone marrow when influenza virus enters the body.
• d. are produced by chance as the genes for antibody are randomly spliced to make a unique V region in developing B cells.

• Th1 cells
• a. can be transferred from one person to another for passive cellular immunity.
• b. help B cells make antibodies and memory B cells.
• c. help macrophages kill pathogens in their phagosomes.
• d. help virus-infected cells kill viruses in their cytosol.

• Live attenuated virus vaccines like the MMR vaccine
• a. can cause serious infections in immunosuppressed people.
• b. contain viruses that replicate in host cells.
• c. induce both memory CTL and memory B cells.
• d. All of the above are true.

• Clostridium botulinum
• a. normally lives in our intestines without causing disease.
• b. produces an exotoxin that causes muscle paralysis.
• c. produces an exotoxin that causes muscle contraction.
• d. produces spores that can be killed by boiling for 20 minutes.

• Lyme arthritis, caused when complexes of pathogen antigen and antibody collect in joints and cause inflammation, is a _______________ hypersensitivity. NOT ON 2007 EXAM
• a. Type I
• b. Type II
• c. Type III
• d. Type IV

• Rheumatic fever, caused when antibodies to Streptococcus pyogenes bind heart tissues and lead to heart damage, is a _______________ hypersensitivity. NOT ON 2007 EXAM
• a. Type I
• b. Type II
• c. Type III
• d. Type IV.

• Contact dermatitis to poison ivy, caused when poison ivy oils bind skin cells and activate memory Th1 cells, is a _______________ hypersensitivity. NOT ON 2007 EXAM
• a. Type I
• b. Type II
• c. Type III
• d. Type IV.

• When a kidney transplant is rejected, the cells that recognize the foreign MHC I on the transplanted kidney cells are NOT ON 2007 EXAM
• a. B cells.
• b. Th cells.
• c. Tc cells.
• d. both Th and Tc cells.

• The ___________ that spreads West Nile Virus is a mosquito.
• a. etiology
• b. fomite
• c. vector
• d. vehicle

• David the Bubble Boy had SCID, which is NOT ON 2007 EXAM
• a. an acquired immune deficiency caused by EBV.
• b.an inborn immune deficiency.
• c. a transplant rejection reaction to his sister’s bone marrow cells.
• d. a Type 1 hypersensitivity.

• MRSA is
• a. a new antibiotic developed to treat multi-drug-resistant TB.
• b. only found in hospitals where high levels of antibiotics are used.
• c. spread in sports and recreation facilities by sharing towels and other personal hygiene items.
• d. Streptococcus agalactiae that is resistant to methicillin but sensitive to most other antibiotics.

• Hepatitis B Virus vaccine, which contains HBV antigens produced in yeast cells from HBV genes, is an example of a _____________ vaccine.
• a. DNA.
• b. recombinant
• c. toxoid
• d. whole cell

• In general, which of the following are the most difficult to kill? NOT ON 2007 EXAM
• a. Rapidly growing bacterial cells
• b. Rapidly growing protozoan cells
• c. Spores
• d. Viruses

• In a Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity to pollen, the mast cell NOT ON 2007 EXAM
• a. is a memory B cell that makes a faster response on repeat contact with pollen.
• b. kills worm parasites that are present on the pollen.
• c. releases histamine when pollen binds to the IgE on the mast cell membrane.
• d. secretes IgE antibody that binds the pollen.

• Penicillin
• a. blocks crosslinking of bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls.
• b. causes side effects because it blocks the action of some human enzymes.
• c. is an antibiotic to which bacteria cannot become resistant because of its β-lactam ring.
• d. is effective against viruses as well as bacteria.

• A part of the human body that is normally sterile is the
• a. lungs.
• b. mouth.
• c. skin.
• d. vagina.

• Disinfectants NOT ON 2007 EXAM
• a. are chemicals that kill many different kinds of pathogens.
• b. are used inside the human body to kill bacteria.
• c. kill microbes by inducing mutations.
• d. remove water from bacteria.

• Cytotoxic T cells recognize virus-infected cells by
• a. perforin bound to the outside of infected cells.
• b. virus antigen bound to neutralizing antibody.
• c. virus antigen on infected cell MHC I.
• d. virus remnants bound to the outside of infected cells.

• Snow identified the sailor and infant at 40 Broad Street as the index cases in the cholera outbreak because
• a. they got their water from the company whose water intake was downstream from the sewage outfall into the Thames River.
• b. they lived closest to the Broad Street pump.
• c. they recovered once he took the handle off the water pump.
• d. they were the first people in the Broad Street neighborhood who became ill with cholera.

• Our first line of defense against pathogens is our
• a. antibodies.
• b. lymph nodes.
• c. macrophages.
• d. skin.

• Phagocytes engulf pathogens and kill them using
• a. acute phase proteins and opsonins.
• b. antibodies and complement.
• c. digestive enzymes and toxic oxygen molecules.
• d. perforins and granzymes.

• Commercial sterilization is the destruction of NOT ON 2007 EXAM
• a. all microbial life.
• b. most human pathogens.
• c. pathogenic bacteria plus Clostridium botulinum endospores.
• d. viruses but not bacteria.

• The antibody that gives the longest-lasting humoral immunity is
• a. IgA.
• b. IgD.
• c. IgE.
• d. IgG.
• e. IgM.

• The antibody that neutralizes pathogens on mucous membranes/is the first antibody made in an infection/gives the longest-lasting humoral immunity is
• a. IgA.
• b. IgD.
• c. IgE.
• d. IgG.
• e. IgM.

• The antibody that is the first antibody made in an infection is
• a. IgA.
• a. IgD.
• a. IgE.
• a. IgG.
• a. IgM.

• Complement is a group of blood proteins that
• a. blocks virus replication.
• b. coats pathogens so they are more readily phagocytosed.
• c. recognize altered MHC on virus-infected cells and lyse them.
• d. All of the above are functions of complement.

• Cholera outbreaks increase as sea surface temperatures increase because
• a. ocean warming favors antibiotic-resistant Vibrio cholerae mutants.
• b. ocean warming causes Vibrio cholerae to change its antigens.
• c. warm ocean waters favor the growth of the copepod in which Vibrio cholerae lives between human disease outbreaks.
• d. All of the above are true

• Anti-rattlesnake venom treatment is an example of
• a. artificial active immunity.
• b. artificial passive immunity.
• c. natural active immunity.
• d. natural passive immunity.

• Immunization is an example of
• a. artificial active immunity.
• b. artificial passive immunity.
• c. natural active immunity.
• d. natural passive immunity.

• Immune protection transferred via breastfeeding is an example of
• a. artificial active immunity.
• b. artificial passive immunity.
• c. natural active immunity.
• d. natural passive immunity.

• Anthrax is a zoonotic disease, which means that its reservoir is
• a. an animal.
• b. a wild (zoo) animal.
• c. humans.
• d. the environment.

• Autoimmunity NOT ON 2007 EXAM
• a. is the disease caused when the immune system attacks self antigens.
• b. is often initiated by an infection with a pathogen that has an antigen similar in structure to a host cell antigen.
• c. is usually treated with drugs that suppress inflammation and T cell activation.
• d. All of the above are true.

• Antibiotic resistance occurs when
• a. antibiotics cause mutations in bacterial genes.
• b. bacteria acquire genes for enzymes that destroy the antibiotic.
• c. B cells produce antibodies that neutralize the antibiotic.
• d. our cells block entry of the antibiotic.

• The ‘sentries’ in most tissues that first detect a pathogen are the
• a. complement proteins.
• b. macrophages.
• c. neutrophils.
• d. T cells.

• Immune memory means that
• a. B and T cells are produced in the brain.
• b. macrophages stimulate the hypothalamus to increase body temperature.
• c. nerves conduct signals between immune system cells and organs.
• d. the second response to an antigen is faster and bigger than the first response.

Part 2 ESSAY: Answer TWO of the following questions in the space provided.

31.  Describe two bacterial virulence factors and how each damages the body.

Virulence factors are properties that allow bacteria to cause disease. They include

• toxin production (exotoxins that kill host cells and endotoxins that cause endotoxin shock)
• avoiding the immune system (adherence/biofilm production, capsules, changing antigens, ability to live in macrophages)
• aggravating the immune system to cause disease (hypersensitivity)

32.  Explain Koch’s postulates for proving that a specific microbe causes a particular disease.

• Isolate microbe from ill person and grow in pure culture
• Inoculate microbe into an experimental animal and cause same disease
• Isolate same microbe from experimental animal and identify same microbe

33. Complete the table below